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How Radiology Works
United States
Приєднався 19 гру 2018
Spreading Rad Love of how x-ray and CT physics can be fun. How Radiology Works is a fun channel for Radiologic Technologists / Radiographers and students in these programs, often called Radiology School. We make x-ray and CT physics relatively painless. These topics include: x-ray generation, x-ray interactions, x-ray radiation dose, radiation biology, image viewing, and image quality.
Please support the channel by buying me a coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/brianNett .
Please support the channel by buying me a coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/brianNett .
X-ray Post Processing (Filters, Histograms, VOIs)
X-ray post processing including
Filters
Unsharp Masking
histograms
Values of Interest
Filters
Unsharp Masking
histograms
Values of Interest
Переглядів: 969
Відео
X-ray Pre-processing [ADC,Quantization, Bad Pixel, Flat Fielding]
Переглядів 6164 місяці тому
Pre processing including quantization, bad pixel correction and flat field correction (i.e. flat fielding) and histogram processing may also be used as part of the pre-processing.
DICOM (What it is and Why it is important for Radiology)!
Переглядів 2,4 тис.4 місяці тому
DICOM stands for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. It's an international standard that defines the communication format for medical images in Radiology. In this video we go into the details of: Why do we need DICOMs? How is the information arranged in DICOM images? How large are DICOM files? Info on modalities that use Dicom like: Digital X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound. How are DICOM ...
PACS (What is Picture Archiving and Communications System)
Переглядів 2,9 тис.5 місяців тому
The PACS (Picture Archiving and Communications System) at the hospital is part of an infrastructure within the Radiology Department of a given hospital and within the infrastructure there is communication to several components including the: RIS (Radiological Information System) HIS (Hospital Information System) EMR (Electronic Medical Record) Reading Stations Imaging Modalities Dicom HL7 Virtu...
LUTs (Look Up Tables in Radiology)
Переглядів 1,4 тис.5 місяців тому
In X-ray Radiology Look-Up Tables (LUTs) are commonly used to adjust the visualization of the images. Look up tables change the relative contrast in images. Typically increasing the contrast in the images to make them appear more like film images. LUTs are also used to invert the image contrast.
X-ray Tube Loading (Heat Units & Heat Capacity)
Переглядів 8816 місяців тому
Tube Loading limits the heat that can be put into the x-ray tube before damaging the tube and thus limiting the power that can be used in each acquisition for x-ray and CT imaging. The heat units and heat capacity of the tube are also introduced. Heat (HU) = kV_effective x mAs Heat (HU) ~ 1.4 x kVp x mAs Power (watts) = w x kVp x mA
ROC and AUC with (Sensitivity vs Specificity vs Accuracy)
Переглядів 1,8 тис.6 місяців тому
ROC Receiver Operator Characteristics are used to measure properties of diagnostic tests by plotting the sensitivity vs one minus the specificity. A helpful summary of ROC studies is the Area Under the Curve (AUC). These are superior metrics to accuracy for diagnostic tests as the are less sensitive to the prevalence of the abnormalities in the population.
Dependencies Of kVp And mA On Contrast, Penetration, Quality & Quantity
Переглядів 1,9 тис.6 місяців тому
kVp is the kiloVolt Potential (tube voltage) and mA is milliAmperes (tube current) and are typically the most important parameters in an x-ray or CT acquisition. We go through the basic dependencies of the kVp and mA in terms of: Beam Penetration Image Contrast Quality of the X-ray Beam Quantity of photons in the X-ray Beam We promise after watching you won't forget these relationships as we kn...
Radiation Dosimeters (Film, TLD, OSLD, EPD)
Переглядів 7 тис.6 місяців тому
This is a video about radiation dosimeters, where to wear them, the radiation doses for workers and details about the types dosimeters including Film Badges TLD OSLD EPD
X-ray Components (Radiography, Fluoroscopy: Tube, Circuit, CR, DR)
Переглядів 9496 місяців тому
x-ray system components for Radiography, Radiographic and Fluoroscopic Systems taking diagnostic x-rays. Designed for radiographer students and radiologic technologists, a.k.a. Radiology students. First Introduction to x-ray imaging and x-ray physics All of the components of the x-ray system are introduced including: X-ray Tube Operating Consoles Bucky CR DR Fluoroscopy AEC ABC , AERC Automated...
Radiology Display Brightness and Viewing (luminance, Dicom GSRC)
Переглядів 8807 місяців тому
This is a video about monitor quality quality assurance especially focusing around LCD monitors used for Radiology imaging including diagnostic monitors, secondary monitors, clinical specialists monitors and EHR monitors.
CRT vs LCD vs OLED ( How Monitors Work )
Переглядів 1,1 тис.7 місяців тому
Display technology comparison of Cathode Ray Tubes CRT Liquid Crystal Display LCD Organic Light Emitting Diodes OLED
X-ray Radiation Sources in the room
Переглядів 7717 місяців тому
This is a video about radiation sources within the room.
Transformers
Переглядів 5198 місяців тому
Transformers are used multiple places in an X-ray circuit and thus understanding how they convert the Voltage and Current based on the ratio of the number of primary to secondary turns is critical.
X-ray Circuit (Primary, Secondary, Filament Circuits)
Переглядів 4,5 тис.8 місяців тому
The X-ray Circuit powers the x-ray tube from the wall power consisting of the primary, secondary and filament circuits. Which includes Transformers, AutoTransformers, Rectifiers, and Rheostats.
Dose Area Product DAP, Kerma Area Product KAP
Переглядів 2,3 тис.8 місяців тому
Dose Area Product DAP, Kerma Area Product KAP
X-ray Filters (Physical Beam Filtration)
Переглядів 1,3 тис.8 місяців тому
X-ray Filters (Physical Beam Filtration)
X-Ray Energy, wavelength and frequency
Переглядів 1,3 тис.9 місяців тому
X-Ray Energy, wavelength and frequency
Light Field and Central Ray X-ray Alignment
Переглядів 1,4 тис.9 місяців тому
Light Field and Central Ray X-ray Alignment
Beam Restriction (X-ray Collimator)
Переглядів 2,4 тис.9 місяців тому
Beam Restriction (X-ray Collimator)
Scan Field of View vs Display Field of View (CT SFOV vs DFOV)
Переглядів 3,9 тис.11 місяців тому
Scan Field of View vs Display Field of View (CT SFOV vs DFOV)
Care kV and Auto Prescription [kVp Selection for CT]
Переглядів 2,5 тис.Рік тому
Care kV and Auto Prescription [kVp Selection for CT]
CT patient positioning [Centering Rational]
Переглядів 6 тис.Рік тому
CT patient positioning [Centering Rational]
CT Contrast Injection (Flow Rate, Delay and Duration)
Переглядів 14 тис.Рік тому
CT Contrast Injection (Flow Rate, Delay and Duration)
DQE , NPS and MTF Clearly Explained (Detective Quantum Efficiency)
Переглядів 3,9 тис.Рік тому
DQE , NPS and MTF Clearly Explained (Detective Quantum Efficiency)
Contrast Agents in X-ray and CT Scans: What You Need to Know
Переглядів 30 тис.Рік тому
Contrast Agents in X-ray and CT Scans: What You Need to Know
CT Image Noise (Dependence on Technical parameters)
Переглядів 4,3 тис.Рік тому
CT Image Noise (Dependence on Technical parameters)
Technical Parameters for CT: CT Physics!
Переглядів 7 тис.Рік тому
Technical Parameters for CT: CT Physics!
Hi, what about SPECT/CT or PET/CT scans? How do I calculate the dose for the whole body, should I use the "k" for the trunk? DLP from Whole Body scans is measured from 32 cm phantom, so how do I calculate the dose for the head? Is it multiplied by 2 more or less?
a filtration of the music would be nice next time :=)
I wish UA-cam had such a feature, my new videos don’t have music. Learning along the way
Perfect video ! Can you explain how mAs increase the patient dose ? And how kVp influence the dose too ! Thank you
Perfect video ! Can you explain how mAs increase the patient dose ? And how kVp influence the dose too ! Thank you
ua-cam.com/video/i2dHp0GNEAA/v-deo.htmlsi=3q74uKWMK6FK1cTO
Please add how to improve storage full ct scan
Tq sir
Welcome 🤗
I would like to see actual numbers with and without shielding to see the actual dosage to the gonads. Not your pictures. I am registered with the ARRT, not How Radiology Works, the AAPM, or the NRCP. The ARRT says students and R.T.s have the ethical responsibility to act in the best interests of each patient. Students are still being taught to shield and it is on the registry. Technologists can not be doing one thing and students being taught another. It only takes one ray to hit a cell just right to cause damage. I will never not shield or allow myself to not be shielded on an exam where shielding does not obscure the part being examined. The actual report that came out by the NRCP was never about not shielding. It was about shielding abdomens and pelvis’s using AEC. Somehow the report has been twisted and hospitals and medical facilities are doing away with shielding. Radiologic Technologist’s who agree with the no shielding stance should not wear appropriate shielding for themselves. 😤
Thanks for your comment and your passion on the matter. I agree that ARRT has not yet adopted the recommendation of the AAPM and that the transition away from gonad shielding will take time as there is a perception that it is helping more than reality. As we mentioned there are downsides of gonad shielding which are completely different from personal shielding for technologist so please do not compare them. I agree we want what is best for the patient here and given all of the evidence the AAPM consensus statement is that gonad shielding should be discontinued and in time this will be propagated to ARRT but will take some time. Thanks again for your comment and consideration.
What the heck is a "4-ker?"
Sorry we have 4 year old kindergarten and 5 year old kindergarten where I live, so just a group of little kids
Thanks for your great explanation!
Thank you too! For the comment 😀
That was very understandable. Thanks, and i subscribed
Awesome, thank you! Share the Rad Love with your colleagues
What IS sampling frequency? I know we calculate it based on the Pitch / DELs etc, but what is its significance/what does it represent? I must be missing something significant because I've looked everywhere and I can't figure out if it's anything other than pointless extra measurement somebody came up with; it feels like I'm being told "The Abracadabra Value of the FPD is equal to twice the pixel pitch". Okay, the abracadabra value is 1mm; why does it matter, what new information does this give us we didn't have before, and why do I care? Why did I make up the abracadabra value in the first place? I have the same questions for Sampling Frequency. It's 2mm^-1, why does that matter? What do I know now that I didn't know before? I know we say it's another way to determine DEL size, but so is the abracadabra value, so is the Sampling Frequency and the Abracadabra value equally useful? Can someone please unlock this for my brain to understand before I end up in a mental institution.
howradiologyworks.com/digital-x-ray-sampling/ check out our post with the sampling frequency. We like units of frequency as traditionally we measure resolution in frequency such as the MTF. You can think of sampling frequency of the detector as the best that you could do on the resolution of the system and there are geometric effects and the focal spot blurring
Don’t be highly worried about CT dose actually doctors and medical workers try to use lowest dose for patients and the risk of cancer caused by CT scan is just theory with the low ratio about 0.002-0.04% Otherwise, DPL parameter is not the total amount patient absorbed , it’s the dose of CT scanner.
studying for my boards, thank you for your content!!
Good luck!! You will do great Abby
get rid of the music please, it makes it very difficult for me to hear you or concentrate on what you're saying. if I wanted to listen to music I'd be googling billie eillish not x-ray tube voltage potential
Thanks for the feedback, please see more recent videos on the channel as we have dropped the music 🎵
Your videos are a brightness(Density) in my dark world. I have my exit exam coming up followed by my ARRT boards. I don’t think I’ll pass but I know by watching your videos I’ll understand and improve thank you
Thanks for dropping the message, best of luck. Watch the videos and do practice problems and you should be good. I know it’s stressful learning all this new information.
Thanks Soo much For this no much formation about ct cardiac
You are most welcome, pass it along
Hi boss can you do video on ct calibration
Thanks, got the request on the other video as well.
Hey boss can you do video in ct calibration please
I’ll put it on the list, what specifically do you want to know about?
Where can I get Info re Isouve. I am very allergic??
What if you are allergic to Isouve ??
Dear sir, Is there any kind of side effects due to radiation while working in radiology department please reply i am very confused 😢
There is some low risk of health effects associated with radiation, the risk can be minimized with proper steps
Dear sir, Is there any kind of side effects due to radiation while working in radiology department please reply i am very confused 😢
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33903264/
Thank you so much for the video, It is very helpful for me to improve my occupational knowledge.
It's my pleasure. Pass it on
Hello Dear My X-Ray Is Not Making Any Movement. I'm not even having an exhibition, I'm having trouble fixing it, can you help me?
I am in need of some clarification. For pulsed fluoroscopy, I understand that a grid-controlled xray tube is utilized. However, I am having trouble narrowing down the specifics of this "grid". One textbook says it's the charged focusing cup, another source mentions an extra hardware component (charged wire mesh), placed between the cathode and anode. Is it one or the other, or both? Thanks
ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.175.5.1751453?download=true , Figure 2 shows a picture of the grid
This is really helpful, thank you
Isn’t this just ohms law
Ohms law has to do with resistance and here we are dealing with radiation interactions in the body
@@TheNettforce yes but it seems like the same concept. Increase voltage increases energy of the photon while adjusting amplitude controls the amount of photons passing through.
Omg, finally i found information i needed.
I'm glad! Share it with others too on their rad journey 😀
Thanks for your great explanation 😊..
Glad it was helpful! Thanks for the comment 😀
Excellent video! Thank you so much for your time and expertise, I feel much more familiar with DICOM now!
Great to hear! Share the rad ❤️
i legit love hearing Kermit the frog teach radiology to me
You’re the third one with such a complete 😁
excellent man
Thanks for the comment
From where this conversion factor come from ? i mean this 0,25 and 0,03
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415721/
. Which of the following system can deal with HL7 and DICOM messages? A. Picture archiving and communication system B. Radiology Information System C. Hospital Information System D. Billing system I need your help answering this question
How dangerous are CT scans ? I had 2 abdominal CT scans, I had a shield over my groin.
howradiologyworks.com/x-ray-ct-dose-to-background/ this post shows relative radiation risk levels compared with other health factors
Thanks a bunch, you really made it easy for me to understand the topic :)
Glad to hear that! Thanks for the comment
Thank you very much, really helped me
You're welcome! Thanks for the comment
Serious questions, how can i cite this? I need to put this in my article😭
Channel Name [Username (if different from channel name)]. (n.d.). Name of page/tab [UA-cam channel]. UA-cam. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
For an abdominal Ct Scan that had 152 mGy*cm -- is that a lot of radiation? How much in msv? I know they grade CT scans like 1-8 sometimes? Chest Xray is .01 ?
@howradiologyworks, Is there a significant impact to MTF and final image clarity based on the original LSF and Focal Point measurements?
The line spread function is directly related to the MTF, the MTF is the Frequency space representation of the LSF. The blue in the image is due to the detector blur and focal spot blur
Thanks alot for explaining in detail. Sure different vendors use different standards of PACS?
What do you mean different standards of PACS?
You will not be able to cross train into US with a RTR . Separate schooling is required. MRI/CT/MAMMO yes
ua-cam.com/video/Pfi9zqHMXBQ/v-deo.htmlsi=fx4oswb1mIdM-NJy , here is a video on cross training
Thank you for the helpful videos on your channel from a first year student. I have a question about the depiction of photoelectric absorption please: I see that you have an x-ray emitted as the characteristic radiation from the atom along with the photoelectron. I've learned in one of my modules that effectively all of the elements that make up the body have such relatively low Z numbers (and therefore lower binding energies and electron energy states) that the characteristic radiation they emit during this process would be much lower frequency - in the infrared. How common would it be for a naturally occuring element in the human body to emit x-rays as characteristic radiation?
You are right, it should be labeled photon rather than x-ray. I will update in a future version
verry clear explaind thank you, can you explain the pre detectror collimator as well.
Will put it on the list
Luckily studies have shown the heavy metals in contrast are not only good for the body, but are safe and effective! Just like the jab! 😬
They give a friendly guest. Yep you guessed itright cancer
Annoying music 😰😰😰😰😰😰😰😰
Thanks for your feedback, I’ve taken music out of recent videos
My 12 year old daughter just got done an xray to the pelvis and I will like to know if that will cost any damage to her ovaries and eggs. Thanks. I'm very worried about it.
At these low doses there will not be an impact to fertility based on the literature, as always I don’t provide any medical advice for a particular individual.
sir i am 22yrs unfortunately i got one CT scan contrast of appendix 1 year ago but reports was normal and appendix was not there but i am worried about might be ct scan cause cancer or impotence in future kindly sir guide me what should i do to detox my body from ct scan side effects
@haris-gq1zm It's ok you will be fine .......you got very low amount of radiation. Your cells were recovered immediately after the examination. I am a CT technologist.
Explain pitch to me like I was a ten year old